Actarian grammar

Actarian grammar is the grammar of the Actarian language.

Noun Classses
Actarian, like most Igneo-Ulanic languages, has noun classes with corresponding definite articles (English: the) which change based on the ending of the noun or the circumstances in which the noun is used. However Actarian lacks indefinite articles (English: a, an), which are instead implied by the absence of a definite article. There are three nominative genders, reserved for referencing a singular noun directly, and three special genders used for referencing plural nouns or possession, and one rarely used article denoting a foreign singular noun whose ending does not match the first three genders. There are also noun cases. Actarian uses four noun cases: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, and Genative.

Indefinite Articles
Indefinite articles are implied through absence, meaning if a noun lacks a preceeding definite article in a sentence, the context suggests the noun is not specific.

Cases
Actarian uses five noun cases which identify which noun is the actor (Nominative) and which noun is being acted upon either directly (Accusative) or indirectly (Dative). The Equative Case takes the place of "like the" and "as the" in English. The Genative noun case is used to imply ownership and is touched upon above.

Word Transformation
Actarian nouns, like with most Sojxen languages can be "transformed" into adjective and verb form by adding the endings "-(a)t, -tat" and "-(a)l, -lal" respectively. If the root word ends in an a, one must simply add a t or an l to the end to transform the word. For instance, adding the adjective suffix -t to muruska (death) yields muruskat (deadly).

Adjective Transformation

 * Consonant Ending:
 * hashuk (skewer) + at &rarr; haskukat (skewered)


 * Vowel Ending:
 * dosha (water) + t &rarr; doshat (watery/wet)

Verb Transformation

 * Consonant Ending:
 * hashuk (skewer) + al &rarr; haskukal (skewering)


 * Vowel Ending:
 * dosha (water) + l &rarr; doshal (watering)

Verb Tenses
Actarian has twelve standard tenses derived from four tense groups; past, present, future and a fourth tense group called retrospective. These main tense groups have been further subdivided into classes to denote certainty (definite tenses), possibility (indefinite tenses), and obligation (obligatory tenses). Actarian sentence arrangements are usually not changed to imply a change of tense. Instead suffixes and particles are added to the root sentence verb to change the tense of the sentence.

Actarian makes no distinction between first, second, and third person forms when conjugating verbs. For instance the English verb to be, is simply writen as lai (are) in all of its present-tense forms. Therefore, "I am/he is/they are" would simply be translated as "I are/he are/they are".